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Learn to Fly Helicopters
INDEX
Introduction to the Helicopter
The Main Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Semirigid Rotor System
Rigid Rotor System
Antitorque Systems
Tail Rotor
Fenestron
NOTAR®
Landing Gear
Powerplant
Flight Controls
General Aerodynamics
Airfoil
Relative Wind
Blade Pitch Angle
Angle of Attack
Lift
Magnus Effect
Bernoulli's Principle
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Weight
Thrust
Drag
Profile Drag
Induced Drag
Parasite Drag
Total Drag
Aerodynamics of Flight
Powered Flight
Hovering Flight
Translating Tendency or Drift
Pendular Action
Coning
Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum)
Ground Effect
Gyroscopic Precession
Vertical Flight
Forward Flight
Translational Lift
Induced Flow
Transverse Flow Effect
Dissymmetry of Lift
Sideward Flight
Rearward Flight
Turning Flight
Autorotation
Autorotation (Vertical Flight)
Autorotation (Forward Flight)
Helicopter Flight Controls
Collective Pitch Control
Throttle Control
Collective Pitch / Throttle Coordination
Correlator / Governor
Cyclic Pitch Control
Antitorque Pedals
Heading Control
Helicopter Systems
Engines
Reciprocating Engine
Turbine Engine
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Transmission System
Main Rotor Transmission
Tail Rotor Drive System
Clutch
Centrifugal Clutch
Belt Drive Clutch
Freewheeling Unit
Main Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Semirigid Rotor System
Rigid Rotor System
Combination Rotor Systems
Swash Plate Assembly
Fuel Systems
Fuel Supply System
Engine Fuel Control System
Reciprocating Engines
Carburetor
Carburetor Ice
Fuel Injection
Turbine Engines
Electrical Systems
Hydraulics
Stability Augmentations Systems
Autopilot
Environmental Systems
Anti-Icing Systems
Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Helicopter)
Preliminary Pages
General Information
Operating Limitations
Airspeed Limitation
Altitude Limitations
Rotor Limitations
Powerplant Limitations
Weight and Loading Distribution
Flight Limitations
Placards
Emergency Procedures
Normal Procedures
Performance
Weight and Balance
Aircraft and Systems Description
Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance
Supplements
Safety and Operational Tips
Weight and Balance
Weight
Basic Empty Weight
Useful Load
Payload
Gross Weight
Maximum Gross Weight
Weight Limitations
Determining Empty Weight
Balance
Center of Gravity
CG Forward of Forward Limit
CG Aft of Aft Limit
Lateral Balance
Weight and Balance Calculations
Reference Datum
Arm
Moment
Center of Gravity Computation
Weight and Balance Methods
Computational Method
Loading Chart Method
Sample Problem 1
Sample Problem 2
Sample Problem 3
Combination Method
Calculating Lateral CG
Performance
Factors Affecting Performance
Density Altitude
Atmospheric Pressure
Altitude
Temperature
Moisture (Humidity)
High and Low Density Altitude Conditions
Weight
Winds
Performance Charts
Hovering Performance
Sample Problem 1
Sample Problem 2
Takeoff Performance
Sample Problem 3
Climb Performance
Sample Problem 4
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Preflight
Minimum Equipment Lists (MELS) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
Engine Start and Rotor Engagement
Rotor Safety Considerations
Safety In and Around Helicopters Ramp Attendants and Aircraft
Ramp Attendants and Aircraft Servicing Personnel
Aircraft Servicing
External-Load Riggers
Pilot at the Flight Controls
External-Load Hookup Personnel
Passengers
Vertical Takeoff to a Hover
Technique
Common Errors
Hovering
Technique
Common Errors
Hovering Turn
Technique
Common Errors
Hovering—Forward Flight
Technique
Common Errors
Hovering—Sideward Flight
Technique
Common Errors
Hovering—Rearward Flight
Technique
Common Errors
Taxiing
Hover Taxi
Air Taxi
Technique
Common Errors
Surface Taxi
Technique
Common Errors
Normal Takeoff From a Hover
Technique
Common Errors
Normal Takeoff From the Surface
Technique
Common Errors
Crosswind Considerations During Takeoffs
Straight-and-Level Flight
Technique
Common Errors
Turns
Technique
Slips
Skids
Common Errors
Normal Climb
Technique
Common Errors
Normal Descent
Technique
Common Errors
Ground Reference Maneuvers
Rectangular Course
S-Turns
Turns Around a Point
Common Errors During Ground Reference Maneuvers
Traffic Patterns
Approaches
Normal Approach to a Hover
Technique
Common Errors
Normal Approach to the Surface
Technique
Common Errors
Crosswind During Approaches
Go-Around
After Landing and Securing
Noise Abatement Procedures
Advanced Maneuvers
Reconnaissance Procedures
High Reconnaissance
Low Reconnaissance
Ground Reconnaissance
Maximum Performance Takeoff
Technique
Common Errors
Running/Rolling Takeoff
Technique
Common Errors
Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop)
Technique
Common Errors
Steep Approach to a Hover
Technique
Common Errors
Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing
Technique
Common Errors
Slope Operations
Slope Landing
Technique
Common Errors
Slope Takeoff
Technique
Common Errors
Confined Area Operations
Approach
Takeoff
Common Errors
Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations
Approach and Landing
Takeoff
Common Errors
Helicopter Emergencies
Autorotation
Straight-in Autorotation
Technique
Common Errors
Power Recovery From Practice Autorotation
Technique
Common Errors
Autorotation With Turns
Technique
Power Failure in a Hover
Technique
Common Errors
Height/Velocity Diagram
The Effect of Weight Versus Density Altitude
Vortex Ring State (Settling With Power)
Retreating Blade Stall
Ground Resonance
Dynamic Rollover
Critical Conditions
Cyclic Trim
Normal Takeoffs and Landings
Slope Takeoffs and Landings
Use of Collective
Precautions
Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping
Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall
Recovery From Low Rotor RPM
Systems Malfunctions
Antitorque System Failure
Landing—Stuck Left Pedal
Landing—Stuck Neutral or Right Pedal
Unanticipated Yaw / Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness (LTE)
Main Rotor Disc Interference (285-315°)
Weathercock Stability (120-240°)
Tail Rotor Vortex Ring State (210-330°)
LTE at Altitude
Reducing the Onset of LTE
Recovery Technique
Main Drive Shaft Failure
Hydraulic Failures
Abnormal Vibrations
Low Frequency Vibrations
Medium and High Frequency Vibrations
Tracking and Balance
Flight Diversion
Lost Procedures
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Attitude Instrument Flying
Flight Instruments
Pitot-Static Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Instrument Check
Altimeter
Instrument Check
Vertical Speed Indicator
Instrument Check
System Errors
Gyroscopic Instruments
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Turn Indicators
Instrument Check
Magnetic Compass
Compass Errors
Magnetic Variation
Compass Deviation
Magnetic Dip
Instrument Check
Instrument Flight
Instrument Cross-Check
Instrument Interpretation
Aircraft Control
Straight-and-Level Flight
Pitch Control
Attitude Indicator
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator
Airspeed Indicator
Bank Control
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Turn Indicator
Common Errors During Straight-and-Level Flight
Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight
Common Errors During Airspeed Changes
Straight Clim
bs (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
Entry
Leveloff
Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
Entry
Leveloff
Common Errors During Straight Climbs and Descents
Turns
Turns to a Predetermined Heading
Timed Turns
Change of Airspeed in Turns
30° Bank Turn
Climbing and Descending Turns
Compass Turns
Common Errors During Turns
Unusual Attitudes
Common Errors During Unusual Attitude Recoveries
Emergencies
Autorotations
Common Errors During Autorotations
Servo Failure
Instrument Takeoff
Common Errors During Instrument Takeoffs
Night Operations
Night Flight Physiology
Vision in Flight
The Eye
Cones
Rods
Night Vision
Night Scanning
Aircraft Lighting
Visual Illusions
Autokinesis
Night Myopia
False Horizon
Landing Illusions
Night Flight
Preflight
Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement
Taxi Technique
Takeoff
En route Procedures
Collision Avoidance at Night
Approach and Landing
Aeronautical Decision Making
Origins of ADM Training`
The Decision-Making Process
Defining the Problem
Choosing a Course of Action
Implementing the Decision and Evaluating the Outcome
Risk Management
Assessing Risk
Factors Affecting Decision Making
Pilot Self-Assessment
Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes
Stress management
Use of Resources
Internal Resources
External Resources
Workload Management
Situational Awareness
Obstacles to Maintaining Situational Awareness
Operational Pitfalls
Introduction to the Gyroplane
Types of Gyroplanes
Components
Airframe
Powerplant
Rotor System
Tail Surfaces
Landing Gear
Wings
Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane
Autorotation
Vertical Autorotation
Rotor Disc Regions
Autorotation in Forward Flight
Reverse Flow
Retreating Blade Stall
Rotor Force
Rotor Lift
Rotor Drag
Thrust
Stability
Horizontal Stabilizer
Fuselage Drag (Center of Pressure)
Pitch Inertia
Propeller Thrust Line
Rotor Force
Trimmed Condition
Gyroplane Flight Controls
Cyclic Control
Throttle
Rudder
Horizontal Tail Surfaces
Collective Control
Gyroplane Systems
Propulsion Systems
Rotor Systems
Semirigid Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Prerotator
Mechanical Prerotator
Hydraulic Prerotator
Electric Prerotator
Tip Jets
Instrumentation
Engine Instruments
Rotor Tachometer
Slip/Skid Indicator
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
IFR Flight Instrumentation
Ground Handling
Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Gyroplane)
Using the Flight Manual
Weight and Balance Section
Sample Problem
Performance Section
Sample Problem
Height/Velocity Diagram
Emergency Section
Hang Test
Flight Operations
Preflight
Cockpit Management
Engine Starting
Taxiing
Blade Flap
Before Takeoff
Prerotation
Takeoff
Normal Takeoff
Crosswind Takeoff
Common Errors for Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs
Short-Field Takeoff
Common Errors
High-Altitude Takeoff
Soft-Field Takeoff
Common Errors
Jump Takeoff
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Straight-and-Level Flight
Climbs
Descents
Turns
Slips
Skids
Common Errors During Basic Flight Maneuvers
Steep Turns
Common Errors
Ground Reference Maneuvers
Rectangular Course
S-Turns
Turns Around a Point
Common Errors During Ground Reference Maneuvers
Flight at Slow Airspeeds
Common Errors
High Rate of Descent
Common Errors
Landings
Normal Landing
Short-Field Landing
Soft-Field Landing
Crosswind Landing
High-Altitude Landing
Common Errors During Landing
Go-Around
Common Errors
After Landing and Securing
Gyroplane Emergencies
Aborted Takeoff
Accelerate/Stop Distance
Lift-off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack
Common Errors
Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO)
Buntover (Power Pushover)
Ground Resonance
Emergency Approach and Landing
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Gyroplane Aeronautical Decision Making
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho
Resignation
Anti-Authority
Glossary
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