CONTENTS

1. Human Factors

   • Introduction
   • Sensory Systems for Orientation
     • Eyes
     • Ears
     • Nerves
   • Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation
   • Inner Ear
   • The Leans
   • Coriolis Illusion
   • Graveyard Spiral
   • Somatogravic Illusion
   • Inversion Illusion
   • Elevator Illusion
   • Visual
     • False Horizon
     • Autokinesis
   • Postural
   • Demonstrating Spatial Disorientation
   • Climbing While Accelerating
   • Climbing While Turning
   • Diving While Turning
   • Tilting to Right or Left
   • Reversal of Motion
   • Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane
   • Coping with Spatial Disorientation
   • Optical Illusions
   • Runway Width Illusion
   • Runway and Terrain Slopes Illusion
   • Featureless Terrain Illusion
   • Water Refraction
   • Haze
   • Fog
   • Ground Lighting Illusions
   • How to Prevent Landing Errors Due to Visual Illusions
   • Due to Visual Illusions
   • Vision Under Dim and Bright Illumination
   • Physiological and Psychological Factors
   • Stress
   • Medical Factors
   • Alcohol
   • Fatigue
   • IMSAFE Checklist
   • Aeronautical Decision Making
   • The DECIDE Model
   • Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes
   • Crew/Cockpit Resource Management
   • Human Resources
   • Hardware
   • Information Workload
2. Aerodynamic Factors

   • Introduction
   • Review of Basic Aerodynamics
• The Four Forces
• Newton?s First Law
• Newton?s Second Law
• Newton?s Third Law
• Atmosphere
• Standard Atmosphere
• Pressure Altitude
• Density Altitude
• Lift
  • Pitch/Power Relationship
• Drag Curves
  • Regions of Command
    • Control Characteristics
  • Speed Stability
  • Normal Command
  • Reversed Command
• Trim
• Slow-Speed Flight
  • Small Airplanes
  • Large Airplanes
• Climbs
  • Acceleration in Cruise Flight
• Turns
  • Rate of Turn
  • Radius of Turn
  • Coordination of Rudder and Aileron Controls
• Load Factor
• Effects of Icing
3. Flight Instruments
• Introduction
• Pitot-Static Systems
  • Position Error
• Pitot-Static Instruments
  • Sensitive Altimeter
    • Principle of Operation
    • Altimeter Errors
    • Encoding Altimeter
    • Absolute Altimeter
  • Airspeed Indicators
• Types of Airspeed
• Airspeed Color Codes
• Vertical Speed Indicators (VSI)
• Compass Systems
  • Magnetic Compass
    • Compass Errors
  • Vertical Card Magnetic Compasses
  • Flux Gate Compass
  • Remote Indicating Compass
• Gyroscopic Systems
  • Power Sources
  • Electrical Systems
  • Pneumatic Systems
• Gyroscopic Instruments
  • Attitude Indicators
  • Heading Indicators
  • Turn Indicators
    • Turn-and-Slip Indicator
    • Turn Coordinator
  • Flight Director Systems
• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
• Attitude Director Indicator (ADI)
• Instrument Systems Preflight Procedures
  • Before Engine Start
  • After Engine Start
  • Taxiing and Takeoff
  • Engine Shut Down
4. Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying
• Introduction
• Control and Performance Method
  • Control Instruments
  • Performance Instruments
  • Navigation Instruments
  • Procedural Steps
  • Attitude Control
    • Pitch Control
    • Bank Control
  • Power Control
• Primary and Supporting Method
  • Pitch Instruments
  • Bank Instruments
  • Power Instruments
• Fundamental Skills
  • Cross-Check
    • Selected Radial Cross-Check
    • Inverted-V Cross-Check
    • The Rectangular Cross-Check
    • Common Cross-Check Errors
  • Instrument Interpretation
  • Aircraft Control
5. Airplane Basic Flight Maneuvers
• Introduction
• Straight-and-Level Flight
  • Pitch Control
    • Attitude Indicator
    • Altimeter
    • Vertical Speed Indicator
    • Airspeed Indicator
  • Bank Control
    • Attitude Indicator
    • Heading Indicator
    • Turn Coordinator
  • Power Control
    • Power Settings
    • Airspeed Changes in Straight-and-Level Flight
  • Trim Technique
  • Common Errors in Straight-and-Level Flight
    • Pitch
    • Heading
    • Power
  • Trim
• Straight Climbs and Descents
• Climbs
• Entry
• Leveling Off
• Descents
  • Entry
  • Leveling Off
  • Common Errors in Straight Climbs and Descents
• Turns
  • Standard-Rate Turns
  • Turns to Predetermined Headings
  • Timed Turns
  • Compass Turns
  • Steep Turns
  • Climbing and Descending Turns
  • Change of Airspeed in Turns
  • Common Errors in Turns
    • Pitch
    • Bank
    • Power
    • Trim
    • Errors During Compass Turns
  • Approach to Stall
• Unusual Attitudes and Recoveries
  • Recognizing Unusual Attitudes
  • Recovery From Unusual Attitudes
  • Nose-High Attitudes
  • Nose-Low Attitudes
  • Common Errors in Unusual Attitudes
• Instrument Takeoff
  • Common Errors in Instrument Takeoffs
• Basic Instrument Flight Patterns
  • Racetrack Pattern
  • Standard Procedure Turn
  • 80/260 Procedure Turn
  • Teardrop Pattern
  • Circling Approaches Pattern
  • Pattern I
  • Pattern II
6. Helicopter Attitude Instrument Flying
• Introduction
• Flight Instruments
• Instrument Flight
  • Instrument Cross-Check
  • Instrument Interpretation
  • Aircraft Control
• Straight-and-Level Flight
  • Pitch Control
    • Attitude Indicator
    • Altimeter
    • Vertical Speed Indicator
    • Airspeed Indicator
  • Bank Control
    • Attitude Indicator
    • Heading Indicator
    • Turn Indicator
  • Common Errors During Straight-and-Level Flight
  • Power Control During Straight-and-Level Flight
    • Common Errors During Airspeed Changes
  • Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
  • Entry
  • Level-Off
• Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
  • Entry
  • Level-Off
  • Common Errors During Straight Climbs and Descents
• Turns
  • Turns to a Predetermined Heading
  • Timed Turns
  • Change of Airspeed in Turns
  • Compass Turns
  • 30? Bank Turn
  • Climbing and Descending Turns
  • Common Errors During Turns
• Unusual Attitudes
  • Common Errors During Unusual Attitude Recoveries
• Emergencies
  • Autorotations
    • Common Errors During Autorotations
  • Servo Failure
• Instrument Takeoff
  • Common Errors During Instrument Takeoffs
7. Navigation Systems
• Introduction
• Basic Radio Principles
  • How Radio Waves Propagate
    • Ground Wave
    • Sky Wave
    • Space Wave
  • Disturbances to Radio Wave Reception
• Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)
  • Description
  • NDB Components
  • ADF Components
  • Function of ADF
    • Orientation
    • Station Passage
    • Homing
    • Tracking
    • Intercepting Bearings
  • Operational Errors of ADF
• Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
  • Description
  • VOR Components
  • Function of VOR
  • Orientation
  • Tracking TO and FROM the Station
  • Course Interception
• VOR Operational Errors
  • VOR Accuracy
• VOR Receiver Accuracy Check
  • VOT
  • Certified Checkpoints
• Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
  • Description
  • DME Components
  • Function of DME
  • DME Arc
  • Intercepting Lead Radials
• DME Errors
• Area Navigation (RNAV)
  • Description
  • VOR/DME RNAV
  • VOR/DME RNAV Components
  • Function of VOR/DME RNAV
  • VOR/DME RNAV Errors
  • Long Range Navigation (LORAN)
  • LORAN Components
  • Function of LORAN
  • LORAN Errors
    • System Errors
    • Operational Errors
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
  • GPS Components
  • Function of GPS
  • GPS Substitution
  • IFR Flight Using GPS
  • GPS Instrument Approaches
  • GPS Errors
  • Inertial Navigation System (INS)
  • INS Components
  • INS Errors
• Instrument Approach Systems
  • Description
  • Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)
  • ILS Components
    • Ground Components
    • ILS Airborne Components
  • ILS Function
  • ILS Errors
  • Marker Beacons
  • Operational Errors
• Simplified Directional Facility (SDF)
• Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA)
• Microwave Landing System (MLS)
  • Approach Azimuth Station
  • Elevation Guidance Station
  • Range Guidance Station
• Flight Management Systems (FMS)
  • Description
  • Function of FMS
• Head-up Display (HUD)
  • Description
• Radar Navigation (Ground Based)
  • Description
  • Functions of Radar Navigation
  • Airport Surface Detection Equipment
• Radar Limitations
8. The National Airspace System
• Introduction
  • Airspace Classification
  • Special Use Airspace
  • Federal Airways
  • Other Routing
• IFR En Route Charts
  • Airport Information
  • Charted IFR Altitudes
  • Navigation FeaturesEyes
• Types of NAVAIDs
• Identifying Intersections
• Other Route Information
  • Weather Information and Communication Features
• U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications
  • Departure Procedures (DPs)
  • Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)
• Instrument Approach Procedures Charts (IAPs)
  • Margin Identification
  • The Plan View
• Course Reversal Elements in Plan View and Profile View
  • Procedure Turns
  • Holding in Lieu of Procedure Turn
  • Teardrop Procedure
• Terminal Arrival Area (TAA)
• The Profile View
• Minimums and Notes
• Airport Diagram
• Inoperative Components
• RNAV Instrument Approach Charts
9. The Air Traffic Control System
• Introduction
• Communication Equipment
  • Navigation/Communication (NAV/COM) Equipment
• Radar and Transponders
  • Mode C (Altitude Reporting)
• Communication Procedures
• Communication Facilities
  • Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS)
  • Air Traffic Control Towers
  • Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON)
  • Tower En Route Control (TEC)
  • Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC)
  • Center Approach/Departure Control
• Control Sequence
• Letters of Agreement (LOA)
10. IFR Flight
• Introduction
• Sources of Flight Planning Information
  • Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
  • Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)
  • Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)
  • POH/AFM
• IFR Flight Plan
  • Filing in Flight
  • Canceling IFR Flight Plans
• Clearances
  • Examples
  • Clearance Separations
• Departure Procedures (DPs)
  • Radar Controlled Departures
  • Departures from Airports Without an Operating Control Tower
• En Route Procedures
  • ATC Reports
  • Position Reports
  • Additional Reports
  • Planning the Descent and Approach
  • Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)
  • Substitutes for Inoperative or Unusable Components
• Holding Procedures
  • Standard Holding Pattern (No Wind)
  • Standard Holding Pattern (With Wind)
  • Holding Instructions
  • Standard Entry Procedures
  • Time Factors
  • DME Holding
• Approaches
  • Compliance with Published Standard Instrument Approach Procedures
  • Instrument Approaches to Civil Airports
  • Approach to Airport Without an Operating Control Tower
  • Approach to Airport With an Operating Tower, With No Approach Control
  • Approach to an Airport With an Operating Tower, With an Approach Control
• Radar Approaches
  • Surveillance Approach
  • Precision Approach
  • No-Gyro Approach Under Radar ControlEyes
  • Timed Approaches From a Holding Fix
  • Approaches to Parallel Runways
  • Side-Step Maneuver
  • Circling Approaches
  • IAP Minimums
  • Missed Approaches
  • Landing
• Instrument Weather Flying
  • Flying Experience
  • Recency of Experience
  • Airborne Equipment and Ground Facilities
• Weather Conditions
  • Turbulence
  • Structural Icing
  • Fog
  • Volcanic Ash
  • Thunderstorms
  • Wind Shear
  • VFR-On-Top
  • VFR Over-The-Top
• Conducting an IFR Flight
  • Preflight
  • Departure
  • En Route
  • Arrival
11. Emergency Operations
• Introduction
• Unforecast Adverse Weather
  • Inadvertent Thunderstorm Encounter
  • Inadvertent Icing Encounter
  • Precipitation Static
• Aircraft System Malfunctions
  • Alternator/Generator Failure
  • Instrument Failure
  • Pneumatic System Failure
  • Pitot/Static System Failure
• Communication/Navigation System Malfunction
• Loss of Situational Awareness (SA)
• Appendices
• Glossary